Enjoy!
Minggu, 27 Februari 2011
Online Chess Kingdom
This is the full review from Game spot about chess kingdom, Enjoy!
The game of chess dates back to ancient times, and seeing as how it's still widely played around the world in its traditional form, this seems like a good indication that no additions, improvements, spin-offs, sequels, or other departures are necessary. Nevertheless, here comes Online Chess Kingdoms, a PlayStation Portable game whose title pretty much says it all. The first two words may well be intriguing to you. While online chess dates back to the ancient times of the Internet, there's something to be said for the idea of having portable online chess on the PSP, and it basically works as advertised, if you can find someone to play. As for the "Kingdoms" part, it represents an awkward attempt to layer a storyline and greater sense of purpose to chess, as well as add a real-time twist to the conventional rules. In spite of this, it seems unlikely that anyone without an inherent interest in chess would be willing to give this game a shot. Still, those with a casual appreciation for chess may enjoy it.
The premise of Online Chess Kingdoms is that some omnipotent deity once created the world from forces like chaos, magic, spirit, order, and law. But after a while, these forces started to squabble, so the deity sends them all packing to their own respective realms. Much later, these forces each become advanced enough to reach their neighbors' borders, so they decide to battle, and many games of chess ensue. This all manifests itself in the game in the form of multiple fully 3D chess sets, featuring various alien-looking fantasy and sci-fi characters that vaguely resemble the chess pieces they represent. There's also some repetitive, epic-sounding music that blares during gameplay, which is evocative of big fantasy battles but seems sort of silly as accompaniment for chess. When playing a quick game, you do have the option to play using traditional-looking chess sets, but you'll likely be seeing more of these original armies since they figure prominently both in the campaign mode and when playing online.
The campaign features a strategic layer in which you and your opponents take turns moving your armies around a gridlike map similar to a chessboard. When two opposing armies meet, a game of chess ensues, and the winning army remains. Since a typical chess match can take a good 20 or 30 minutes, the campaign can feel very drawn out, especially since Online Chess Kingdoms doesn't play a particularly fast game of chess. However, that's where the battle mode comes in.
Before you start a campaign game or a quick match, you get to choose between classic chess and the battle mode. Classic chess is faithful to the traditional rules, as you'd expect. Battle mode, meanwhile, takes classic chess and makes it real time. If you played chess as a little kid, perhaps you had an experience where you decided to ignore the whole turn-based nature of the game and just move all your pieces as quickly as possible to stomp your surprised and irritated opponent. That's basically what this battle mode is. You have to quickly move a cursor around the playing field to make your units advance and crush the opposition as quickly as possible. Each chess piece has a different point value in this mode, and the first player to reach the point limit is the winner. Such a match takes just a couple of minutes. But while it's faster than classic chess, maybe it's no surprise that it isn't better. It seems too easy to let the opponent come to you, so that you can pick off his individual units while all of your forces are still gathered together. At best, battle mode is a decent distraction from the real game.
As for the online mode, it's got a strange but fairly interesting structure that's tied into the premise of the campaign game. When you join a lobby you side with one of the different factions, and your goal is to wipe out the other factions, one territory at a time. To get into a match against another player, you may select a territory along your faction's border to attack, and then another player on the opposing side may choose to receive your defense. Then you play chess. Alternatively, you can opt to defend your own territories against would-be attacks. Winning matches earns you prestige, which is basically an indication of how experienced you are.
Unfortunately, the biggest problem with all this seems to be that very few people are playing. There are always multiple lobbies available, featuring both classic chess and battle mode as well as a play-by-e-mail-style mode in which you take just one turn before signing off and letting your opponent go. However, during multiple attempts to play online on consecutive days following the game's release, we never found more than a half-dozen players competing. Unsurprisingly, all of them were playing classic chess. If you can find an opponent, the online chess works fine, though there's no way to communicate with the other player or anything of the sort. Some sort of a "quick match" option for quickly finding a live opponent really would have helped. Your other multiplayer options here include a two-player pass-and-play mode, but you might as well just break out a real chess set if you want to play someone nearby.
Fortunately, you can still play the online mode even if no one's around at the time, since you'll be pitted against the computer if no one accepts your defense after a minute. When playing offline, there are four difficulty settings to choose from, ranging from novice to master. Online, the computer seems to be locked into playing at intermediate level. It's not too bad for practicing against if you're an average chess player, but sometimes the computer will make completely bone-headed moves, blatantly sacrificing its pieces for no discernible reason. So if you're an experienced player you'll probably want to jump straight to the master difficulty, which seems challenging. Of course, other chess programs out there provide far more sophisticated scales of artificial intelligence to play against, as well as complete tutorials and training modes.
Real-life decorative chess sets aren't necessarily well suited for playing the game, because it's so important to be able to instantly distinguish the different chess pieces from one another. For this same reason, the various 3D armies and fairly elaborate 3D backgrounds in Online Chess Kingdoms, while fairly good looking, don't help the game. In fact, at the default viewing angle you'll probably get into some situations in which you literally can't see an opponent's chess piece behind another piece until it's too late. Fortunately, you have the option to undo your turns, though we ran into a bug more than once that caused the game to freeze up after using the undo feature too many times. You can also play in a split-screen mode that shows a traditional 2D chess set off to the side, which is a good option if you find the 3D graphics distracting. It's worth noting that the 3D units also have attack animations for when they take an opposing piece, though these are nothing special. The old CD-ROM classic, Battle Chess, featured unique and humorous combat sequences for every possible unit-against-unit combination, but in Online Chess Kingdoms, your units all have the same basic attack against any opposing piece.
Online Chess Kingdoms inherently has something going for it just by letting you play a competent version of chess on the PSP, once you get past all the fantasy weirdness. The online mode also works fairly well, though it's too bad the game hasn't reached a critical mass of players. In the end, Online Chess Kingdoms may even make you gain some appreciation for the underlying game, since this is proof positive that any efforts to make chess better or more exciting are simply unnecessary.
Jumat, 25 Februari 2011
Lords Online
Lords Online is a 2D browser-based strategy MMO where players build powerful empires, and train heroes to lead their troops into battle. The game has a simple, clean interface and plenty of quests to provide new players with direction.
Pros: +Quick, rewarding newbie quests. +Earn premium items via quests. +Heroes gain experience as they battle.
Cons: -Slow paced gameplay. -Paying players receive large benefits. -Feels like a knock-off of previous games.
Lords Online Full Review
By, Erhan Altay
We’ve seen the release of many browser based strategy games over the years. First there were the German ones likeTribal Wars, Travian, and Ikariam. These games consisted mainly of text and images but still caught on across the world. It wasn’t until more recently that we in the West got a taste of what IGG, the publishers of Lords Online, is calling ‘The 2nd generation of free browser-based strategy games.’ So what makes Lords Online different? Mainly the graphics and animations which are bright, vibrant, and easy on the eyes.
Expanding Portfolio
IGG has been bringing free to play Asian MMORPGs to North America for years now, but they’ve been mainly known for their client games. They’ve got Tales of Pirates, Godswar Online, and at least 6 other MMORPGs under their belts already, but recently they’ve made a move into a new market. Browser-based games are catching on fast since they require no download and are generally less complex. Prior to Lords Online, IGG has released Aurora Blade andFreesky Online which is also a strategy game. So why release another? One word. Evony.
Evony Envy
After signing up for a free account and ‘activating’ Lords Online, players can enter the game right away. There’s no need to confirm your email address either. As of this writing, there is are two servers, or ‘worlds’, but more will be added as the playerbase increases. When logging into a new world for the first time, players are presented with a character creation screen where they may select from three races: Human, Alec (elf-life), or Shaba (orc-like.) Both male and female gender options are available for all three races. Players can also manually select which quadrant their first city will start in, or they can leave it on random. After character creation, players get their first peak at the interface. Those familiar with Evony will immediately notice the similarities. The same beige color and user interface style is used in Lords Online. Overlap in this genre is commonplace so it’s let’s just move on to see what Lords Online offers.
Strong Foundations
A short tutorial in the form of dialogue boxes from an adviser explains each part of the interface. Fortunately, the layout is well thought out and everything makes senses. Each city has 32 empty building slots on which players can construct buildings. Just going through the newbie quests will provide players with all the direction they need while they get the hang of things. There are four resources to keep track of in Lords Online and they are: Lumber, Stone, Iron, and Food. Gold can also be considered a resource and is acquired by taxation or plundering NPCs and other players. These resources are required to construct buildings, train troops, hire heroes to lead those troops, and to upgrade new technologies. It is highly recommended that players follow the beginner quest line since each step along the way grants resource and even premium item rewards.
A Hyrbid Model
So far, Lords Online sounds like a traditional strategy game, but it does offer a few innovations. Like Evony, players construct most buildings inside their Town but must move to a separate ‘City’ screen to manage their resource generating buildings. Interestingly, players cannot build farms, sawmills, quarries, or iron mines. Instead, four to six of each building type is already present but set at level 0. Players must then chose which to upgrade and in what order. As resource buildings (and all other buildings including the town hall) increase in level, their resource costs increase as well. Claiming special territorial spots on the world map such as ‘Super Hills’ or ‘Super Iron Pits’ can increase resource production but also serve as conflict zones for players. Competition for the most potent of these territories will inevitably lead to region conflicts, which makes strategy games like this all the more interesting. But unlike most games, players in Lords Online will actually get the see their heroes on the world map and command them freely. The fact that NPC monster are also scattered around the map gives Lords Online a hybrid feel, a mix between Heroes of Gaia and Evony.
Big Wallet, Big Empire
Lords Online inevitably falls into the same balance issues as other strategy games. The game makes it readily available that players can spend their way to power. Tired of waiting for buildings to finish construction? Just buy a speed up! Running low on resources or gold? No problem, as long as you’re willing to pay. Free to play games must support themselves somehow but browser games put no limit on how much of an advantage players can gain, as long as they keep paying. Of course this doesn’t mean players have to pay. A strong alliance of coordinated players can easily trump a single user, no matter his financial situation. And like other strategy games, Alliances play a large role in Lords Online. Teaming up with your neighbors is a must. Not only for protection against raiders further afield, but also to keep neighbors honest.
Why Lords Online?
The graphics and animations in Lords Online are great. The interface is well ordered, the graphics are vibrant and the ability to freely command heroes on the map makes it closer to a RTS than any previous browser based strategy MMO. Even recently released games like Empire Craft already seem outdated when compared to Lords Online. Unfortunately, the game is not newbie-friendly as it could be. While Evony and even IGG’s own Freesky Online offered free instant-construction for buildings with construction times less than five minutes, Lords Online makes no such allowance. Even with the newbie packs that players start with and are rewarded with, the game is much slower paced than many of its rivals. This is a problem that could be fixed so let’s hope for the best!
Final Verdict: Good
Lords Online is a visually impressive strategy game that’s sure to gain a strong following. While it does share similarities with previous browser bases strategy games, the ability to control heroes on the battlefield adds a new depth to gameplay. Slow paced progression and the ability to purchase speed-ups and resources causes balance issues.
Website : lo.igg.com
Source: http://mmohut.com
Burger Bustle
Dive into some tasty fun in Burger Bustle, a fun and exciting Time Management game! Take over a restaurant and serve up delicious food as quickly as you can to keep your customer’s coming back for more. Earn awesome awards and unlock helpful upgrades that’ll help you work even more efficiently. Stay one step ahead of your clientele to keep up with the Burger Bustle!
Source: http://www.myplaybus.com
Here is the download link Via:
Filesonic : http://www.filesonic.com/file/115766431
Bitshare : http://bitshare.com/files/3lkr58if/burgerbustle_setup.exe.html
Fileserve : http://www.fileserve.com/file/HtHnHBV
Nowstat : http://www.nowstat.com/
Meet the Spartans, I will survive
Meet the Spartans, the parody version of 300, singing I Will Survive here, Enjoy!
Kamis, 24 Februari 2011
NBA Slam Dunk Contest 2010
Sprite slam dunk contest had an incredible contestant, for example Blake Griffin. He dunk over a car!! Check this out
Minggu, 20 Februari 2011
Petri Heil
Petri Heil – Gold Online is NEW fishing simulator. This game lets you feel this wonderful feeling without leaving your home. Real fish-life simulating! Photorealistic graphic, bird singing, nice water! You can play Petri Heil – Gold Online both at home and at the office. It is a brilliant game just to relax for a while from your work. You can take part in the Internet fishing competition. You can become the best fisherman in the whole Internet!
This is the download linkSource: http://www.myplaybus.com/games/category/action/page/4/
Sabtu, 19 Februari 2011
Kamis, 17 Februari 2011
Operating System
Everyday, we uses computer. Of course computer is run by an OS(Operating System). Which operating system you like, windows, linux, mac? Well, here some Info, Enjoy!
An operating system (OS) is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computersand manages computer hardware resources[1] and provides common services for efficient execution of various application software.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware,[2][3] although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware, but will frequently call the OS or be interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.
Examples of popular modern operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows,Mac OS X, and GNU/Linux.
Early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Operating systems did not exist in their modern and more complex forms until the early 1960s.[5] Some operating system features were developed in the 1950s, such as monitor programs that could automatically run different application programs in succession to speed up processing. Hardware features were added that enabled use of runtime libraries, interrupts, and parallel processing. When personal computers by companies such as Apple Inc., Atari,IBM and Amiga became popular in the 1980s, vendors added operating system features that had previously become widely used on mainframe and mini computers. Later, many features such as graphical user interface were developed specifically for personal computer operating systems.
An operating system consists of many parts. One of the most important components is the kernel, which controls low-level processes that the average user usually cannot see: it controls how memory is read and written, the order in which processes are executed, how information is received and sent by devices like the monitor, keyboard and mouse, and decides how to interpret information received from networks. The user interface is a component that interacts with the computer user directly, allowing them to control and use programs. The user interface may be graphical with icons and a desktop, or textual, with a command line. Application programming interfaces provide services and code libraries that let applications developers write modular code reusing well defined programming sequences in user space libraries or in the operating system itself. Which features are considered part of the operating system is defined differently in various operating systems. For example, Microsoft Windows considers its user interface to be part of the operating system, while many versions of Linux do not.
In the early 1950s, a computer could execute only one program at a time. Each user had sole use of the computer and would arrive at a scheduled time with program and data on punched paper cards and tape. The program would be loaded into the machine, and the machine would be set to work until the program completed or crashed. Programs could generally be debugged via a front panel using toggle switches and panel lights. It is said thatAlan Turing was a master of this on the early Manchester Mark 1 machine, and he was already deriving the primitive conception of an operating system from the principles of the Universal Turing machine.[citation needed]
Later machines came with libraries of software, which would be linked to a user's program to assist in operations such as input and output and generating computer code from human-readable symbolic code. This was the genesis of the modern-day operating system. However, machines still ran a single job at a time. At Cambridge University in England the job queue was at one time a washing line from which tapes were hung with different colored clothes-pegs to indicate job-priority.[citation needed]
[edit]Mainframes
For more details on IBM mainframe operating systems, see History of IBM mainframe operating systems.
Through the 1950s, many major features were pioneered in the field of operating systems, including batch processing, input/output interrupt, buffering, multitasking, spooling, runtime libraries, link-loading, and programs forsorting records in files. These features were included or not included in application software at the option of application programmers, rather than in a separate operating system used by all applications. In 1959 the SHARE Operating System was released as an integrated utility for the IBM 704, and later in the 709 and 7090 mainframes.
During the 1960s, IBM's OS/360 introduced the concept of a single OS spanning an entire product line, which was crucial for the success of the System/360 machines. IBM's current mainframe operating systems are distant descendants of this original system and applications written for OS/360 can still be run on modern machines.[citation needed] In the mid-'70s, MVS, a descendant of OS/360, offered the first[citation needed] implementation of using RAM as a transparent cache for data.
OS/360 also pioneered the concept that the operating system keeps track of all of the system resources that are used, including program and data space allocation in main memory and file space in secondary storage, and file locking during update. When the process is terminated for any reason, all of these resources are re-claimed by the operating system.
The alternative CP-67 system for the S/360-67 started a whole line of IBM operating systems focused on the concept of virtual machines. Other operating systems used on IBM S/360 series mainframes included systems developed by IBM: COS/360 (Compatabililty Operating System), DOS/360 (Disk Operating System), TSS/360 (Time Sharing System), TOS/360 (Tape Operating System), BOS/360 (Basic Operating System), and ACP (Airline Control Program), as well as a few non-IBM systems: MTS (Michigan Terminal System) and MUSIC (Multi-User System for Interactive Computing).
Control Data Corporation developed the SCOPE operating system in the 1960s, for batch processing. In cooperation with the University of Minnesota, the KRONOS and later the NOS operating systems were developed during the 1970s, which supported simultaneous batch and timesharing use. Like many commercial timesharing systems, its interface was an extension of the Dartmouth BASIC operating systems, one of the pioneering efforts in timesharing and programming languages. In the late 1970s, Control Data and the University of Illinois developed the PLATO operating system, which used plasma panel displays and long-distance time sharing networks. Plato was remarkably innovative for its time, featuring real-time chat, and multi-user graphical games. Burroughs Corporationintroduced the B5000 in 1961 with the MCP, (Master Control Program) operating system. The B5000 was a stack machine designed to exclusively support high-level languages with no machine language or assembler, and indeed the MCP was the first OS to be written exclusively in a high-level language – ESPOL, a dialect of ALGOL. MCP also introduced many other ground-breaking innovations, such as being the first commercial implementation of virtual memory. During development of the AS400, IBM made an approach to Burroughs to licence MCP to run on the AS400 hardware. This proposal was declined by Burroughs management to protect its existing hardware production. MCP is still in use today in the Unisys ClearPath/MCP line of computers.
UNIVAC, the first commercial computer manufacturer, produced a series of EXEC operating systems. Like all early main-frame systems, this was a batch-oriented system that managed magnetic drums, disks, card readers and line printers. In the 1970s, UNIVAC produced the Real-Time Basic (RTB) system to support large-scale time sharing, also patterned after the Dartmouth BC system.
General Electric and MIT developed General Electric Comprehensive Operating Supervisor (GECOS), which introduced the concept of ringed security privilege levels. After acquisition by Honeywell it was renamed to General Comprehensive Operating System (GCOS).
Digital Equipment Corporation developed many operating systems for its various computer lines, including TOPS-10 and TOPS-20 time sharing systems for the 36-bit PDP-10 class systems. Prior to the widespread use of UNIX, TOPS-10 was a particularly popular system in universities, and in the early ARPANET community.
In the late 1960s through the late 1970s, several hardware capabilities evolved that allowed similar or ported software to run on more than one system. Early systems had utilized microprogramming to implement features on their systems in order to permit different underlying architecture to appear to be the same as others in a series. In fact most 360's after the 360/40 (except the 360/165 and 360/168) were microprogrammed implementations. But soon other means of achieving application compatibility were proven to be more significant.
The enormous investment in software for these systems made since 1960s caused most of the original computer manufacturers to continue to develop compatible operating systems along with the hardware. The notable supported mainframe operating systems include:
- Burroughs MCP – B5000, 1961 to Unisys Clearpath/MCP, present.
- IBM OS/360 – IBM System/360, 1966 to IBM z/OS, present.
- IBM CP-67 – IBM System/360, 1967 to IBM z/VM, present.
- UNIVAC EXEC 8 – UNIVAC 1108, 1967, to OS 2200 Unisys Clearpath Dorado, present.
Example of OS:
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems most commonly used on personal computers. It is the most common family of operating systems for the personal computer, with about 90% of the market share.[6][7][8] Currently, the most widely used version of the Windows family is Windows XP,[9] released on October 25, 2001. The newest version is Windows 7 for personal computers and Windows Server 2008 R2 for servers.
Microsoft Windows originated in 1981 as an add-on to the older MS-DOS operating system for the IBM PC. First publicly released in 1985, Windows came to dominate the business world of personal computers, and went on to set a number of industry standards and commonplace applications[POV? ]. Beginning with Windows XP, all modern versions are based on the Windows NT kernel. Current versions of Windows run on IA-32 and x86-64 processors, although older versions sometimes supported other architectures.
Windows is also used on servers, supporting applications such as web servers anddatabase servers. In recent years, Microsoft has spent significant marketing and research & development money to demonstrate that Windows is capable of running any enterprise application, which has resulted in consistent price/performance records (see the TPC) and significant acceptance in the enterprise market. However, its usage in servers is not as widespread as personal computers, and here Windows actively competes against Linux and BSD for market share, while still capturing a steady majority by some accounts.[10][11]
[edit]Unix and Unix-like operating systems
Main article: Unix
Ken Thompson wrote B, mainly based on BCPL, which he used to write Unix, based on his experience in the MULTICS project. B was replaced by C, and Unix developed into a large, complex family of inter-related operating systems which have been influential in every modern operating system (see History). The Unix-like family is a diverse group of operating systems, with several major sub-categories includingSystem V, BSD, and GNU/Linux. The name "UNIX" is a trademark of The Open Groupwhich licenses it for use with any operating system that has been shown to conform to their definitions. "Unix-like" is commonly used to refer to the large set of operating systems which resemble the original Unix.
Unix-like systems run on a wide variety of machine architectures. They are used heavily for servers in business, as well as workstations in academic and engineering environments. Free Unix variants, such asGNU/Linux and BSD, are popular in these areas.
Some Unix variants like HP's HP-UX and IBM's AIX are designed to run only on that vendor's hardware. Others, such as Solaris, can run on multiple types of hardware, including x86 servers and PCs. Apple's Mac OS X, a hybrid kernel-based BSD variant derived fromNeXTSTEP, Mach, and FreeBSD, has replaced Apple's earlier (non-Unix) Mac OS.
Unix interoperability was sought by establishing the POSIX standard. The POSIX standard can be applied to any operating system, although it was originally created for various Unix variants.
[edit]BSD and its descendants
Main article: Berkeley Software Distribution
A subgroup of the Unix family is the Berkeley Software Distribution family, which includes FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. These operating systems are most commonly found on webservers, although they can also function as a personal computer OS. The Internet owes much of its existence to BSD, as many of the protocols now commonly used by computers to connect, send and receive data over a network were widely implemented and refined in BSD. The world wide web was also first demonstrated on a number of computers running an OS based on BSD calledNextStep.
BSD has its roots in Unix. In 1974, University of California, Berkeley installed its first Unix system. Over time, students and staff in the computer science department there began adding new programs to make things easier, such as text editors. When Berkely received new VAX computers in 1978 with Unix installed, the school's undergraduates modified Unix even more in order to take advantage of the computer's hardware possibilities. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of the US Department of Defense took interest, and decided to fund the project. Many schools, corporations, and government organizations took notice and started to use Berkeley's version of Unix instead of the official one distributed by AT&T. Steve Jobs, upon leaving Apple Inc. in 1985, formed NeXT Inc., a company that manufactured high-end computers running on a variation of BSD called NeXTSTEP. One of these computers was used by Tim Berners-Lee as the first webserver to create the World Wide Web.
Developers like Keith Bostic encouraged the project to replace any non-free code that originated with Bell Labs. Once this was done, however, AT&T sued. Eventually, after two years of legal disputes, the BSD project came out ahead and spawned a number of free derivatives, such as FreeBSD and NetBSD. In this two year wait, GNU and Linux appeared.
[edit]Mac OS X
Main article: Mac OS X
Mac OS X is a line of partially proprietary graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc., the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently shipping Macintosh computers. Mac OS X is the successor to the original Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since 1984. Unlike its predecessor, Mac OS X is a UNIX operating system built on technology that had been developed atNeXT through the second half of the 1980s and up until Apple purchased the company in early 1997.
The operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0, with a desktop-oriented version (Mac OS X v10.0) following in March 2001. Since then, six more distinct "client" and "server" editions of Mac OS X have been released, the most recent being Mac OS X v10.6, which was first made available on August 28, 2009. Releases of Mac OS X are named after big cats; the current version of Mac OS X is "Snow Leopard".
The server edition, Mac OS X Server, is architecturally identical to its desktop counterpart but usually runs on Apple's line of Macintoshserver hardware. Mac OS X Server includes work group management and administration software tools that provide simplified access to key network services, including a mail transfer agent, a Samba server, an LDAP server, a domain name server, and others.
[edit]Plan 9
Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy at Bell Labs designed and developed the C programming language to build the operating system Unix. Programmers at Bell Labs went on to develop Plan 9 and Inferno, which were engineered for modern distributed environments. Plan 9 was designed from the start to be a networked operating system, and had graphics built-in, unlike Unix, which added these features to the design later. It is currently released under the Lucent Public License. Inferno was sold to Vita Nuova Holdings and has been released under a GPL/MIT license.
[edit]Linux and GNU
Linux is the generic name for a UNIX-like operating system that can be used on a wide range of devices from supercomputers to wristwatches. The Linux kernel is released under an open source license, so anyone can read and modify its code. It has been modified to run on a large variety of electronics. Although estimates suggest it is used on only 0.5-2% of all personal computers,[8] it has been widely adopted for use in servers and embedded systems[12][13] (such as cell phones). Linux has superseded Unix in most places[which?], and is used on the 10 most powerful supercomputers in the world.[14]
The GNU project is a mass collaboration of programmers who seek to create a completely free and open operating system that was similar to Unix but with completely original code. It was started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, and is responsible for many of the parts of most Linux variants. For this reason, Linux is often called GNU/Linux. Thousands of pieces of software for virtually every operating system are licensed under the GNU General Public License. Meanwhile, the Linux kernel began as a side project of Linus Torvalds, a university student from Finland. In 1991, Torvalds began work on it, and posted information about his project on a newsgroup for computer students and programmers. He received a wave of support and volunteers who ended up creating a full-fledged kernel. Programmers from GNU took notice, and members of both projects worked to integrate the finished GNU parts into the linux kernel in order to create a full-fledged operating system.
[edit]Google Chrome OS
Main article: Google Chrome OS
Chrome is an operating system based on the Linux kernel and designed by Google. Chrome targets computer users who spend most of their time on the Internet—it is technically only a web browser with no other applications, and relies on Internet applications used in the web browser to accomplish tasks such as word processing and media viewing.
[edit]Other
Older operating systems which are still used in niche markets include OS/2 from IBM and Microsoft; Mac OS, the non-Unix precursor to Apple's Mac OS X; BeOS; XTS-300. Some, most notably Haiku, RISC OS, MorphOS, AmigaOS 4 and FreeMint continue to be developed as minority platforms for enthusiast communities and specialist applications. OpenVMS formerly from DEC, is still under active development by Hewlett-Packard. Yet other operating systems are used almost exclusively in academia, for operating systems education or to do research on operating system concepts. A typical example of a system that fulfills both roles is MINIX, while for example Singularity is used purely for research.
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